Summary

This article focuses on the directives of the European Union on the promotion of (1) electricity produced from renewable energy sources (the RES-E Directive) and (2) the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transportation (the RF Directive). First an overview is given of the broader policy perspectives and the political process that led to their adoption. Next these directives are briefly described and an assessment is made of their implementation. This sets the stage for a contribution to the debate on whether or not further steps to EU-wide harmonisation of national renewables ...