Introduction

This chapter relates to European Union (EU) energy security and two special and important multilateral regimes (namely the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) and the Energy Community (EnC)) regarding the promotion of EU energy security interests at the extra-EU level. EU energy security often takes place through the propagation of energy-related norms among third-party states via, among other things, hard-law means (e.g., international legal agreements). In this context, we hone in on the normative frameworks in relation to the ECT and the Energy Community Treaty (EnCT), examine their ...