Abstract

Australia's energy transition has reached a pivotal juncture. Renewable energy penetration has reached over 40% in the National Electricity Market, and all coal-fired power stations will be retired by 2038 as Australia vies for the COP31 Presidency. Achieving a successful Australian energy transition requires regulation that reshapes existing investment structures and delivers policy coherence underpinning the twin goals of decarbonisation and economic resilience. The curtailment of large-scale renewables generation reaching 10.9 GW in September 2025 brings this conundrum into ...