Abstract

The development of multi-vendor, multi-terminal (MVMT) HVDC systems is expected to be important for the expansion of offshore electricity grids and the integration of offshore wind energy. However, the absence of a clear regulatory framework creates legal uncertainty, increases costs, and discourages investment. Interoperability is a key objective of EU energy law, but its implementation is not yet specifically operationalised in EU law for MVMT HVDC systems. The normative framework refers to a doctrinal analysis to determine the degree of openness required to achieve ...