Abstract

This paper offers a comparative analysis of the transposition of the EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) in Italy and France, examining two distinct institutional paradigms for the energy transition. While both legislative frameworks aim to democratise the energy landscape through Renewable Energy Communities, they diverge significantly in how they implement proximity, governance, and energy-sharing. Italy has adopted an incentive-centric model, marked by flexible plant ownership and the development of "umbrella RECs" that operate across expansive market zones, prioritising ...