Executive Summary

The European Union has promoted the liberalisation reform of the natural gas market since the 1980s , with unbundling gradually becoming a core policy instrument in this process. Third-party access (TPA) provides an institutional pathway for the grid connection and market competition of renewable and low-carbon gases, and unbundling has thereby gradually transformed from a market competition tool into a regulatory instrument serving climate objectives. The EU's experience with unbundling in the natural gas sector has prompted discussions on extending this regime to hydrogen industry. ...